q Experimental research is
an attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may
affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to
determine or predict what may occur.
q This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates
one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. It has a
control group, the subjects have been randomly assigned between the groups, and
the researcher only tests one effect at a time.
Experimental
Design
q Experimental design is a
blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test his hypothesis
by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between independent and
dependent variables.
q Experimental design is a planned interference in the natural order
of events by the researcher. He does something more than carefully observe what
is occurring. This emphasis on experiment reflects the higher regard generally
given to information so derived. There is good rationale for this. Much of the
substantial gain in knowledge in all sciences has come from actively
manipulating or interfering with the stream of events. There is more than just
observation or measurement of a natural event. A selected condition or a change
(treatment) is introduced. Observations or measurements are planned to
illuminate the effect of any change in conditions.
Experimental
Study Steps
q Identify and define the
problem.
q Formulate hypothesis and
deduce its consequence.
q Construct an experimental
that represents all the elements, conditions, and relations to the consequence.
q Conduct the experiment.
q Compile raw data and
reduce to usable form.
q Apply an appropriate test
of significance.
Research
Essentials
q Manipulation of an
independent variable.
q All variables except the
dependent variable are held constant (control).
q Manipulation of the
dependent variable by the independent
variable is observed (observation).
Experimental
Control
q Experimental control
attempts to predict events that will occur in the experimental setting by
neutralizing the effects of other factors.
q A scientific control is an experiment or
observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the
independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often
through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements.
Control Methods
q
Physical control
q
Selective control
q
Statistical control
1. Physical control
q Gives all subjects equal
exposure to the independent variable.
q Controls non-experimental
variables that effect the dependent variable.
2. Selective control
q
Indirectly manipulate by selecting in or
out variables that cannot be controlled.
3. Statistical
control
q
Variables not conducive to physical or
selective manipulation may be controlled by statistical techniques.
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