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Showing posts from July, 2016

SUMMER VACATION WORK /HOMEWORK: Hate relationship

Homework takes up most of the time, our energy and our school days, lectures and homework; when we need to finish our day? It's just not trying, but actually kills us. We have every, yes every day, for weeks and months to welcome our beloved summer vacation. The months before the summer is spent thinking about during school hours, off teachers, lectures, classes and off from homework. How to spend valuable time with ourselves? We can go out, watch movies, play unlimited time and can even visit different cities; If you are lucky, even countries. But wait, there's one thing that will not stop chasing us. Why on earth do we get homework during the summer holidays, when every teacher knows that students will spend their homework just last week. We tend to all shocked and worried last week and begin scratching the copies that had to be performed during our holiday. While it is all about summer vacation, it should be noted that the homework has become so stressful day our d...

Types of Research On the Basis of Goal Typology

                          If we do educational research based on the objectives of the specific detection and classification is performed using, then we will have a basic and applied research.                         Basic Research:                         It is a kind of test, otherwise referred to as the main research related to obtaining empirical data that can be used to formulate or extend evaluate theory. Its main purpose is to expand the frontiers of knowledge, without regard to practical application. It explores the relationship between procedures, personal characteristics, environmental factors and learning excellence to develop, describe, test and expand theories of learning. It is...

Steps in the Research Process

Education Research is taken to applied scientific method or fundamental research. This implies that a researcher in education under-listed step tasks can take time to study all the problems of education. These measures should not be considered strictly only enjoyable sequence. You, as a researcher or investigator or even your institution may take a number of changes in the investigation process. This is acceptable. Now let's look at the recommended order for education research: Identification of a Problem: This is the hardest step in the research process. It is about the discovery and definition of educational research problem or problems in a current area of interest in learning. It has a problem or a question that the issue of sufficient consequence to justify his investigation. The problem should be such that can be solved by scientific research. It may not solve a problem whose solution is available. It is not something that the 'yes' and 'no' answers. ...

Characteristics of Educational Research , According to Anaekwe (2002)

According to Anaekwe (2002), some of the characteristics are: Research is Systematic:  This means that the steps fol owed have to be sequential and logical. The procedures used can be repeated by another research to verify the findings. Research is Objective:  This means that the findings are reported as they are. The biases, prejudices, beliefs or interests of the researcher and/or the society are not allowed to interfere with the research procedure and/or results. Research Report is Precise:  This is pertinent as the use of vocabulary which is capable of multiple interpretation is not encouraged. Research is Testable/Measurable:   Research is not speculative, but quantifiable.  It becomes imperative that data collected for research must be measurable and tested against a specified hypothesis. Research is Replicable/Verifiable:  Results or findings of a research can be verified by the researcher or any other person interested in the ...

CHI-SQUARE TEST

INTRODUCTION Karl Pearson (1880) introduced a test to distinguish whether an observed set of frequencies differs from a specific frequency distribution. Statistics defined as the science which deals with collection presentations analysis and interpretation of data. Karl Pearson’s famous chi-square paper appeared in spring of 1900. An auspicious beginning to the wonderful century for the field of statistic. What is chi-square test? It is a statistical test to compare observed data with data we would except to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. A chi-square test is a measurement of how expectations compare to results. The data used in calculating a chi-square statistic must be random, raw mutually exclusive drawn from independent variables and be drawn from a large enough sample. Definition “A quantity equal to the summation over all variables of the quotient of the square of the differences between the observed by the expected value of the variable. ...

CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CHI-SQUARE

Chi-square test is very useful in research. The following conditions should be satisfied before chi-square test can be applied; ·          The data must be in the form of frequencies (responses in two or more categories) ·          The frequencies data must have a precise numerical value and must be organized into categories or groups. ·          Observations recorded must be and used collected on a random basis. ·          There is no knowledge about population or parameters. ·          All the items in the sample must be independent. (Not controlled by any outside) ·          Group should be contain greater than 10 factors. ·          Groups/numbers of items must be reasonably large.it should normal...

The Standard Normal (Z) Distribution

A very special family member normal distribution is called the standard normal distribution, or Z-distribution. The Z-distribution is used to help probabilities, and other types of problems when working in a normal distribution. The standard normal (Z) distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1; The graph shown in Figure 5-2. A value of Z-distribution data indicates the number of standard deviations above or below the average; These are called z-scores, or Z-value. For example, z = 1 in the Z-distribution represents an amount which is the first tie-standard Deviation above average. Similarly, z = -1 represents a value which is one standard deviation below the mean (indicated by the minus sign of the z-value). Because the chance for a normal distribution almost impossible to calculate by hand, we use tables to find them. All the major results you need to find opportunities for a normal distribution can be summarized in a table based on the standard norma...

Misleading graph

Numerous graphs and tables contain false information, mislabeled or misleading information, or they just do not have the essential information needed by the reader to important decisions on what is presented. pie charts Pie charts are good for showing how the categorical data is broken down, but they can be tricky. Here's how to evaluate the quality of a pie chart: ✓ Check that the percentages add up to 100%, or close to it (possible round-off error should be small). ✓ Change segment labeled "Other" which is larger than the rest of the cut. This means that the pie is too vague. ✓ Watch out for deformations with three-dimensional pie chart form, where the slice closest to you seem larger than it really is because of the angle at which it is presented. ✓ Search for reported a total number of individuals who were part of the pie chart, so you can determine "how much" is the cake, so to speak. If the sample is too small, the results are not going to be reliab...

Assess Data Quality

To decide if you are looking for credible data from an experiment, look for the following characteristics: ✓ Reliability: Reliability is to collect reliable data repeatable results in the following sub-measurements. If your doctor will check your weight once and you get on the scale once again and see that the dif-sharing, there is a confidence issue. Both have blood tests, blood pressure and temperature measurements and the like. It is important to use an experiment to help properly calibrated measuring instruments provide reliable data. ✓ Purity:  Recommendations data does not contain a systematic favoring of certain people or reactions. Bias is caused in many ways: through a bad instrument, such as a scale that sometimes exceed five pounds; a bad example, as a drug study performed in adults when the drug was actually taken by children; or by researchers with preconceived expectations for the results ( "You feel better now after you took that medication is not it?") B...

Surveys

An observational study is one in which the data are collected on individuals in a way that does not affect them. The most common observational study is the survey. Survey questionnaires were queues which are awarded to individuals who were selected from a population of interest. Investigations take many different forms: paper surveys sent by e-mail; websites; call-in polls conducted by television networks; and telephone surveys. When done properly, can check very useful tool for getting information. However, if not done properly, the investigation could lead to misinformation. Some problems contains incorrect wording of the questions, which can be confusing to people who have chosen to participate, but not answered, or a whole group of people who even chose a chance . The potential problems mean an investigation should be well thought out before it was given. A drawback of the survey is that they can only report concerning ships between variables found; they can not claim cause an...

ایک رات کی نماز

حضرت احمدخضرویہ ایران کے شہر خُراسان کے رہنے والے تھے اور اپنے وقت کے ولی سمجھے جاتے تھے۔ ایک دفعہ کا ذکر ہے کہ رات کے وقت ایک چور اُن کے مکان میں گُھس آیا۔ وہ بڑی دیر تک اِدھراُدھر پھر کر گھر کی تلاشی لیتا رہا لیکن اُسے کوئی چیز نہ ملی۔ حضرت احمد جاگ رہے تھے۔ وہ چُپ چاپ چور کو اپنے مکان میں پِھرتے دیکھتے رہے مگر زبان سے کچھ نہ کہا۔جب وہ چور نا اُمید ہو کر واپس جانے لگاتواٰنھوں نے آوازدی: "اے جوان، ڈول اُٹھا اور پانی نکال۔ پھر وُضو کرکے نماز پڑھ۔جب کوئی چیز آۓ گی تو ہم تجھے دے دیں گے۔ ہم نہیں چاہتے کہ تُو ہمارے گھر سے خالی ہاتھ جاۓ۔" چور نے جب یہ آوازسُنی تو گھبرا سا گیا۔ پھر سوچنے لگا کہ مکان کے مالک کو میرا پتاچل ہی گیا ہے۔ مجھے اِس کا کہنا مان لینا چاہیے۔ کہیں ایسا نہ ہو کہ میرے اِنکار کرنے پر وہ مجھے پکڑ کرکوتوال کے حوالے کر دے۔یہ سوچ کر اُس نے ڈول اُٹھایا، کُنویں سے پانی نکال کر وُضو کیا اورپھر نماز پڑھنے لگا۔ صبح ہوئی تو ایک شخص حضرت احمد کی خدمت میں حاضر ہُوا اور ایک سو دِینار پیش کیے۔ حضرت احمد نے چور کو اپنے پاس بُلایا اور اُسے وہ دِینار دے کر کہا: "...

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics allow us to   describe   a set of scores or multiple sets of scores. There are typically four categories of descriptive statistics; central tendency, dispersion, distribution, and relation. 1. Central Tendency : There are three general measures of central tendency. (1). Mean. The mean is the most frequently used to describe the center of a distribution of scores. (2). Median. The median is the point that delineates two halves of a series of scores.  (3). Mode. The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a series. 2.  Dispersion: There are five general measures of dispersion.   (1). Variance. Variance is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the degrees of freedom. In lay terms, variance is the average deviation of the scores around the mean.  (2). Standard Deviation. Standard deviation is the square-root of the variance. It is a standardized measure of dispersion (most frequently ...

Shortcut Keys of MS Word

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page. Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection. Ctrl + C Copy selected text. Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen. Ctrl + F Open find box. Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection. Ctrl + J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen. Ctrl + K Insert link. Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen. Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph. Ctrl + P Open the print window. Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. Ctrl + T Create a hanging indent. Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection. Ctrl + V Paste . Ctrl + X Cut selected text. Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed. Ctrl + Z Undo last action. Ctrl + Shift + F Ch...