MODELS
Definition: a model is a recognizable representation of a
real thing three dimensionally, that is height, width, and depth is felt as
reality.
Types of models:
1. Solid models:
it is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material like
clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the external parts of the
things. Ex: globe, clay model of human and animal.
2. Cutaway and
x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to show internal parts of
a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or institutions
as they require expertise to construct them. Ex: cross sectional model of human
body.
3. Working
models: these models are either actual working things or their miniature
replicas. For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.
4. Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw
dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest area.
Advantages:
· Models
heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are
three dimensional.
· Models
illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.
· Models
explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus make
comprehension easier.
· Models are
lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.
· Still models are easy to make with the help
of discarded materials like empty boxes, pins, clips, nails, and clay.
· Models are
to reasonable size and convenient to handle.
· Models
involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.
Limitations:
· It requires
expertise to make.
· Time
consuming.
· Some of the
models may be very expensive.
OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
Definition:
A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects.
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.
Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and
objects as teaching aids, a teacher must keep the following points in her mind.
· Plan your
teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen
being referred to.
· Ask
questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the
object or specimen under observation.
· Clarify and
emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under
observation
· Provide
review and practice to make learning permanent.
Sources of objects
and specimens:
· Local
markets
·
Manufacturers and factories
· Discarded
material from the houses
· Specimen
found in the nature can be collected by students from field trips and nature
hunt
· Plasters
casts can be purchased
· Wild
flowers, leaves shells, stones butterflies moths, insects can also be procured.
Mounting the objects
and specimens:
Objects and specimens should be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic
way and the boxes should be covered with cellophane paper. Also label each
object or specimen using self adhesive paper.
Advantages of objects
and specimens:
· Collection
of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others leading
to development of social skills and values.
· Students
when collect and display objects and specimens derive satisfaction of
contributing to the school and teacher something worthwhile.
· Student’s
power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by collection of
objects and specimens.
· Student’s
personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing
investigatory projects.
· Collection
of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the
teacher and students alike.
· It arouse
some interest among students in learning
· Objects and
specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning
· It heighten
the reality in the class room
· It makes
teaching lively.
EXHIBITIONS
Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up
their work for showing it to the people out side the school, and such a show
called exhibitions.
The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition
are called exhibits.
Requisites for
exhibition:
· The
exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention
to a particular concept
· The exhibits
should be clean , labeled properly
· The
concepts of contrast in color and size should be used for lying out the exhibitions
· The exhibits
should be so placed so the most visitors , can see them
· The place
and exhibits should be well lighted
· To capture
attention and interest of visitors , both motion and sound should be utilized
· The
exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches,
handles, to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
· The
exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the students
and the visitors
· The
exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide
integrated learning.
Advantages:
· Exhibitions
inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a sense
of involvement
· Exhibitions
give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
· Exhibitions
develop social skills of communication , cooperation, coordination
· Exhibitions
foster better school community relations
and make community members conscious
about the school
· Exhibitions
couple information with pleasure
· Exhibitions
foster creativity among students.
Disadvantages:
· Requires
thorough preparation
· Time
consuming
· Require
funds or budget.
MUSEUMS
Definition:
A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical
relics, antiques, curiosities, works of arts, works of science, literature and
other artifacts of general interest.
Museums can be useful both for public education and specific
class room instructions.
Setting up school
museum:
· School
should have enough space
· Take the
help of students, collect old and new objects and articles
· Accept donations
from various organizations who donates the articles
· Students can
be guided to prepare the exhibits
· All the
collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labeled
· A detailed
report book should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum pieces
· The museum
rooms should be well lighted
· It should be
cleaned and maintained timely.
Dioramas:
Definitions:
A diorama is a three dimensional arrangement of related
objects, models, and cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concept.
The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or
show case with a glass covering and background printed with a shade or a scene.
Ex: a harvest scene, a planting scene etc.
Advantages:
· Provide a
good opportunity to learn
· It gives the
appearance of actual things which can not be brought to the class room
· Interesting
and enhance creativity
· Live things
also can shown in diorama ex: aquarium
· Provides students
to do project works
Disadvantages:
.sometimes cost effective
· Needs
expatriation for the preparation
· Require
budget
· Sometimes it
may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing.
MOCK UPS
It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device
reality and its workability. Certain element of the original reality is
emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction.
In common usage, a mockup is a scale model of a structure or
device, usually used for teaching, demonstration, testing a design, etc.
Mockups are also used in the Consumer goods industry, as
part of the product development process, when the size, impression and/or
artworks have to be tested and approved.
Mockup is also a frequently used term when talking about an
early layout or sketch of a Web site or GUI program.
Ex: An artificial
kidney to demonstrate dialysis.
MOULAGE
Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some
life in objects. ex: body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease,
surgical intervention.
IMAGE PERSPECTIVES'
MOULAGE PROCESS
The basic material we use to create our soft tissue injuries
is very inexpensive; it costs only pennies per simulation.
If someone walks off with a simulation it can be recreated
in a matter of minutes!
You are not limited to mass-produced latex or plastic
"one-size-fits-all injuries".
You determine the type, scope and
Size of the injuries and create as many as you wish, in
whatever size you need.
Our simulations can be handled and bandaged, with care, as
you would a real injury. The simulations will not shift and/or be damaged. When
bandages are removed, the injury simulation will remain intact.
The simulations can be made liquid-proof, and with care - reusable!
PUPPETS
One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry
is an education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the
performer is a person termed as a characters in a story to be depicted.
Definition:
A puppet is a
manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed
as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to
produce the desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for
languages and social sciences.
Types of puppets
1. String or marionettes puppets:-Marionettes consist of
puppets with hinged body parts which are controlled by nine strings produces
required movements in the puppet. These puppets are mainly manipulated by
professional puppeteers.
2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cutouts
attached by sticks. The actions of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher
and students by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the
audience or the class.
3. Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of
cardboard which produce shadows on white screen. The motion of these
silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and students.
4. Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls
painted as heads with overflowing colorful costumes. These are worn on fingers
which operate their movements. These are operated from below the stage.
Selection:
In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background
and tastes of the students should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet
play is always preferable.
Advantages:
1) Creates interest
2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period
3) Puppet is an effective method in teaching.
4) Motivate students
5) Easy to carry and operate
Disadvantages
1) Needs group cooperation and coordination
2) Requires skills in preparation and supply
3) Skills needed in presentation
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any suggestion on my side