What is Classroom Management?
Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers; indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. In 1981 the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again. A major reason was "negative student attitudes and discipline".
Rewarding good behavior sends the message to your students that if they have to be paid for it, then it must be work. They logically conclude that being well behaved must be something difficult or noteworthy. Otherwise, why would they be rewarded for it?
This effectively makes good behavior less desirable… and more like an effort your students deserve to be paid for.
2. Rewards lead to entitlement.
When you offer rewards in return for good behavior, you create in your students a peculiar sense of entitlement. They’ll feel entitled to receive something for merely doing what is expected.
It leads them to believe that they’re behaving and following rules for you, and thus are owed something from you. After all, if they’re getting a reward for it, there must not be anything in it for them.
3. Rewards cheapen the intrinsic motivation to behave.
Being rewarded to behave cheapens the intrinsic merit of being a valued citizen of your class. In other words, it puts a price tag on the priceless.
4. Rewards lead to more and more and more.
When you put a price tag on good behavior by offering rewards, your students will demand higher and more frequent payments. Rewards, you see, are not only ineffective in the long term, but they weaken over time.
If you’ve used rewards in the past, you’ve experienced this. What is exciting and fun at first, like extra recess, becomes boring and not a big deal after awhile. Therefore, you have to continue to increase the payment or the frequency of the reward.
The Ultimate Reward
Good behavior is its own reward because it offers students self-respect, confidence, and the wonderful feeling of belonging to a classroom that needs and appreciates them.
To deepen these feelings, and to get your students to want to behave–for themselves and for the betterment of your classroom–stop rewarding them for good behavior. Stop interfering with the awesome power of intrinsic motivation.
Instead, support it, encourage it, and feed it by creating a classroom your students love coming to every day.
Many teachers report that they prefer intangible rewards over tangible ones. These teachers provide opportunities for their students to earn points or tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges. Some examples are free activity time, reading time, computer time, choosing a book to be read to the class, assisting the librarian, extra recess, leading a class game, eating lunch with the teacher, or having their picture taken with the principal (see Effective Praise and Motivating Children). when a teacher calls a parent to comment on a child's progress. Or, when a class has worked particularly hard on a project, having a surprise popcorn party can serve as a reward that promotes a feeling of classroom community.
Rewards can involve a contract with an individual child, be offered to a class or used to acknowledge a school-wide accomplishment. Counselors or teachers may contract with individual children to extinguish inappropriate behaviors such as fighting, not completing homework, talking out in class, or truancy. Having a child or children participate in goal setting increases their interest in attaining it. For a class-wide reward, the students may decide on a weekly goal; for example, that each class member will follow the lunchroom rules without one reminder. The intangible reward could be an extra fifteen minutes of free time on Friday afternoon. Achieving a school-wide goal of reading one thousand books with each student participating could be celebrated by having a special event for all students.
To instill intrinsic motivation in children teachers need to create a noncompetitive, caring environment in which each child feels valued, respected and acknowledged (see Educator's Guide to Enhancing Children's Life Skills or Successful Teachers). Cooperative learning that recognizes improvement in each child is a way to enhance intrinsic motivation among students so that classroom management is not dependent upon the use of rewards.
Managing student behavior in the classroom is important. Classroom management describes the task of maintaining an organized learning environment. Punishment play different roles in classroom management. How a teacher addresses undesirable student behavior can make the difference between a classroom that is a haven or war zone.
Corporal punishment
Until recently, corporal punishment was widely used as a means of controlling disruptive behavior but it is now no longer fashionable, though it is still advocated in some contexts by people such as James Dobson.
When people use the word “punish”, it is usually used to describe a negative consequences for a violation. In some schools around the United States punishment can mean physical punishment. Corporal punishment is still allowed in 21 out of 50 states, but is only practiced in 4 of those states; Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee (Farrell). According to C. Farrell, a writer for School Corporal Punishment, paddlings were given in the classroom or right outside the door, but then only the principle had to do the paddling or it was done in front of his or her presence in a private room. Some of the people I spoke to remember being paddled or being hit on the palms with a ruler for horse playing. Educators must be careful and administer punishment with care, especially if it comes in the form of corporal punishment. "Punishments are an expression of violence of the more powerful adult against the weaker child
Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers; indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. In 1981 the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again. A major reason was "negative student attitudes and discipline".
What is Reward?
Children
are more motivated when rewarded for good behaviour, good work etc. A variety
of good resources for rewarding pupils can be produced quickly and easily using
symbol support.
For
example:
- Individual reward charts / boards
- Class reward charts / boards
- Make a Lucky Dip Box, covering a box with shiny paper and fill with small token rewards e.g. pencils, erasers, books etc (children love dipping into these)
- Have a photograph of the lucky dip box on a child's individual target board to remind them of their reward
What is Punishment?
o
Punishments are reactionary measures meant to be
severe enough to discourage students from repeating undesirable actions.
Teachers with discipline strategies incorporate preventative and consequential
measures when governing their classrooms.
Awards and classroom community
It
truly feel that any beginning teacher
needs a full and honest consideration of the roll that classroom awards play in classroom management.
Classroom
awards and rewards are a controversial topic. Many teachers dispense candy like
a vending machine to obtain the behavior they want. And it can kind of
work. But if you want truly good behavior, It can convince you that candy and other treats
have no place in your classroom.
You can achieve great behavior using the exact things that
make you want to perform at your highest level: Simply noticing good
behavior and rewarding it with heartfelt, specific praise.
1. Rewards turn good behavior into work.Rewarding good behavior sends the message to your students that if they have to be paid for it, then it must be work. They logically conclude that being well behaved must be something difficult or noteworthy. Otherwise, why would they be rewarded for it?
This effectively makes good behavior less desirable… and more like an effort your students deserve to be paid for.
2. Rewards lead to entitlement.
When you offer rewards in return for good behavior, you create in your students a peculiar sense of entitlement. They’ll feel entitled to receive something for merely doing what is expected.
It leads them to believe that they’re behaving and following rules for you, and thus are owed something from you. After all, if they’re getting a reward for it, there must not be anything in it for them.
3. Rewards cheapen the intrinsic motivation to behave.
Being rewarded to behave cheapens the intrinsic merit of being a valued citizen of your class. In other words, it puts a price tag on the priceless.
4. Rewards lead to more and more and more.
When you put a price tag on good behavior by offering rewards, your students will demand higher and more frequent payments. Rewards, you see, are not only ineffective in the long term, but they weaken over time.
If you’ve used rewards in the past, you’ve experienced this. What is exciting and fun at first, like extra recess, becomes boring and not a big deal after awhile. Therefore, you have to continue to increase the payment or the frequency of the reward.
The Ultimate Reward
Good behavior is its own reward because it offers students self-respect, confidence, and the wonderful feeling of belonging to a classroom that needs and appreciates them.
To deepen these feelings, and to get your students to want to behave–for themselves and for the betterment of your classroom–stop rewarding them for good behavior. Stop interfering with the awesome power of intrinsic motivation.
Instead, support it, encourage it, and feed it by creating a classroom your students love coming to every day.
Rewards in the Classroom
Children can be categorized as intrinsically or extrinsically
motivated. Children who are motivated intrinsically exhibit a desire to learn.
Usually they pursue a subject for the pleasure of learning or for a feeling of
accomplishment. Intrinsically motivated students tend to prefer challenging tasks
and to understand information in depth. They are more likely to choose projects
that demand greater effort than extrinsically motivated children who usually
work to receive some reward or to avoid a penalty. Extrinsically motivated
students tend to gravitate toward easier tasks and are inclined to put forth
the minimal amount of effort for the maximum reward. Even though children who
enter school are often inclined to be either intrinsically or extrinsically
motivated, a worthwhile goal for educators is to foster intrinsic motivation in
children.
Many teachers believe that student motivation can be "jump started" by providing tangible rewards such as stickers, candy or prizes. They assert that reinforcing appropriate behaviors can have positive results since children tend to continue or repeat an action that is rewarded. They state that some parents do not encourage their children to do their best at school and hence the students are indifferent to learning. These teachers insist that tangible rewards can help these students develop a reason to apply themselves. They state that through the use of rewards children learn to listen, to complete work, and to behave appropriately.
Others argue that rewards devalue learning and counteract the development of self-discipline and intrinsic motivation. For example, when a child does an assignment to get a piece of candy, you have not taught him or her the value of hard work or learning. These opponents assert that tangible rewards produce short-term changes and only serve as motivators if children want them. They contend that the use of rewards fosters competition and the "What's in it for me?" attitude; the more they are used, the more incentives students expect. They maintain that rewards can have a negative effect upon student initiative and performance because they are seen as bribes used to control, and that older children in particular may feel insulted and/or manipulated when rewards are offered. Critical observers point out that rewards have not been shown to change behavior when children are left unsupervised.
If a teacher decides to use a tangible reward program it needs to be simple to manage. Involving a student or students in selecting a reward can contribute to its successful use. School supplies and/or foods that have some nutritional value are preferable to candy, unhealthy snacks or prizes. Ideally, after the rewards are given and the desired results are obtained, the teacher will modify the program by raising his or her expectations, reducing the rewards and phasing them out altogether.
Many teachers believe that student motivation can be "jump started" by providing tangible rewards such as stickers, candy or prizes. They assert that reinforcing appropriate behaviors can have positive results since children tend to continue or repeat an action that is rewarded. They state that some parents do not encourage their children to do their best at school and hence the students are indifferent to learning. These teachers insist that tangible rewards can help these students develop a reason to apply themselves. They state that through the use of rewards children learn to listen, to complete work, and to behave appropriately.
Others argue that rewards devalue learning and counteract the development of self-discipline and intrinsic motivation. For example, when a child does an assignment to get a piece of candy, you have not taught him or her the value of hard work or learning. These opponents assert that tangible rewards produce short-term changes and only serve as motivators if children want them. They contend that the use of rewards fosters competition and the "What's in it for me?" attitude; the more they are used, the more incentives students expect. They maintain that rewards can have a negative effect upon student initiative and performance because they are seen as bribes used to control, and that older children in particular may feel insulted and/or manipulated when rewards are offered. Critical observers point out that rewards have not been shown to change behavior when children are left unsupervised.
If a teacher decides to use a tangible reward program it needs to be simple to manage. Involving a student or students in selecting a reward can contribute to its successful use. School supplies and/or foods that have some nutritional value are preferable to candy, unhealthy snacks or prizes. Ideally, after the rewards are given and the desired results are obtained, the teacher will modify the program by raising his or her expectations, reducing the rewards and phasing them out altogether.
Many teachers report that they prefer intangible rewards over tangible ones. These teachers provide opportunities for their students to earn points or tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges. Some examples are free activity time, reading time, computer time, choosing a book to be read to the class, assisting the librarian, extra recess, leading a class game, eating lunch with the teacher, or having their picture taken with the principal (see Effective Praise and Motivating Children). when a teacher calls a parent to comment on a child's progress. Or, when a class has worked particularly hard on a project, having a surprise popcorn party can serve as a reward that promotes a feeling of classroom community.
Rewards can involve a contract with an individual child, be offered to a class or used to acknowledge a school-wide accomplishment. Counselors or teachers may contract with individual children to extinguish inappropriate behaviors such as fighting, not completing homework, talking out in class, or truancy. Having a child or children participate in goal setting increases their interest in attaining it. For a class-wide reward, the students may decide on a weekly goal; for example, that each class member will follow the lunchroom rules without one reminder. The intangible reward could be an extra fifteen minutes of free time on Friday afternoon. Achieving a school-wide goal of reading one thousand books with each student participating could be celebrated by having a special event for all students.
To instill intrinsic motivation in children teachers need to create a noncompetitive, caring environment in which each child feels valued, respected and acknowledged (see Educator's Guide to Enhancing Children's Life Skills or Successful Teachers). Cooperative learning that recognizes improvement in each child is a way to enhance intrinsic motivation among students so that classroom management is not dependent upon the use of rewards.
Classroom Management: Punishment
Managing student behaviorManaging student behavior in the classroom is important. Classroom management describes the task of maintaining an organized learning environment. Punishment play different roles in classroom management. How a teacher addresses undesirable student behavior can make the difference between a classroom that is a haven or war zone.
Corporal punishment
Until recently, corporal punishment was widely used as a means of controlling disruptive behavior but it is now no longer fashionable, though it is still advocated in some contexts by people such as James Dobson.
Respect
o
Teachers may use punishment to regain control of
a classroom, but this may jeopardize their chances of gaining students'
respect. Instead, identify the unwanted behavior and discuss ways to correct
it.
Considerations
o
Punishment within the classroom is not favorably
looked upon, but there is no consensus. In his article, "Building
Classroom Discipline," C.M. Charles notes that classical behavioral
theorist B.F. Skinner was against classroom punishment. "Punishment often
has negative effects in behavior modification and hence is not used in the
classroom." In the same article, Charles notes that group behavior
theorists Redl & Wattenberg support punishment when necessary, but
generally as a last resort.
Punishment As An Incentive
It would be easier to teach a classroom full of children if there were no
children misbehaving. According to Student Teacher Advocate, one third
of new teachers leave the teaching field within the first 3 years. The teachers
questioned said that they spend an overwhelming amount of time doing other
tasks (disciplining included), beyond actual instruction. Forty percent of
those teachers surveyed said that they spend more time than expected on disciplining
(Miller, Higgins).
Teachers sometimes find punishment to be effective as a classroom behavior
management tool, especially as a short term solution. Because punishment tends
to rapidly stop problem behaviors, the teacher in turn is positively reinforced
for using it (What Every Teacher Should Know About Punishment 2008). Teachers
may be tempted to use this technique over and over because of its quick
response, but this very sort of punishment can have side effects. Students who
are generally punished in this way can overtime develop negative attitudes
toward school, can develop an uncomfortable relationship with their teachers,
and perhaps feel apprehensive about participating in class activities (What
Every Teacher Should Know About Punishment 2008). Discipline and punishment are
important parts of rearing children not only at home but in school settings as
well.When people use the word “punish”, it is usually used to describe a negative consequences for a violation. In some schools around the United States punishment can mean physical punishment. Corporal punishment is still allowed in 21 out of 50 states, but is only practiced in 4 of those states; Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee (Farrell). According to C. Farrell, a writer for School Corporal Punishment, paddlings were given in the classroom or right outside the door, but then only the principle had to do the paddling or it was done in front of his or her presence in a private room. Some of the people I spoke to remember being paddled or being hit on the palms with a ruler for horse playing. Educators must be careful and administer punishment with care, especially if it comes in the form of corporal punishment. "Punishments are an expression of violence of the more powerful adult against the weaker child
Alternative Ways Of Punishment
Punishment can take on many forms; it can be a reprimand, or a type of punishment known as response cost. Response cost means that a student can have rewards, or privileges taken away when he or she demonstrates problem behavior even if it is only momentarily (What Every Teacher Should Know About Punishment 2008). An example would be that a student on time-out would not be able to join his or her classmates when it is time for playtime until their time-out was over.
Disciplining does not necessarily mean having the child sit
in the corner with a dunce hat on, getting paddled, whacked on the hands, or
writing sentences. Experienced teachers will say that remaining calm can
diffuse an angry disposition more effectively than responding in an equal tone.
One of the teachers that I interviewed, Kristin Gorsuch, a high school math
teacher from Isle of Wight County, said that when she has a continually
disruptive student, she simply asks them to step outside for a minute until she
can go outside and discuss in private what she expects. The point is not to
intimidate or belittle them in front of their peers. Disciplining does not have
to be an aggressive act is what she believes.You will see and hear what other
teachers believe is a good way of “punishing” a student without it being
demeaning or embarrassing. Visit this web site for the videos under “What Would
You Do?”
Very detailed and educative.
ReplyDeleteVery detailed and educative.
ReplyDeletethanks Amarachukwu Ezeugbo
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