1:- Learning
Objectives:
After reviewing this chapter, readers will be able to:
·
Define what theory is and identify two key dimensions
of social learning theory.
·
Describe the principles of social learning theory.
·
Understand the concept of modeling.
·
Identify the most important considerations in
social learning theory.
2:- Introduction:
“One
difficulty with many learning theories is their almost exclusive emphasis on
the processes of acquisition of behavior and performance, and their almost
total neglect of the content of personality”
Therefore………
§ Albert
Bandura’s (1960s +) Social Learning Theory.
§ Put the
“person” back into personality.
The
social learning theory proposed by Albert
Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory
of learning and development.
§ His
theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information
and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or
modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of
behaviors.
§ Albert Bandura Born December 4, 1925 in Canada.
§ He and his family
struggled through many hardships during his younger years He attended his
elementary through high school years at the only school in town. The school had
very limited resources.
§ He attended the
University of British Columbia in Vancouver He went on to study psychology at
the University of Iowa where he earned a M.A. degree in 1951 and a Ph.D. degree
in clinical psychology 1952 In 1953, he joined the faculty of Stanford
University where he remained throughout his long career.
§ In social
learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behavior is learned from the
environment through the process of observational learning. Children observe the
people around them behaving in various ways. This is illustrated during the
famous bobo doll
experiment (Bandura, 1961).
§ Individuals
that are observed are called models. In society children are surrounded by many
influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s
TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. Theses models
provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate.
§ They pay
attention to some of these people (models) and encode their
behavior. At a later time they may imitate (i.e. copy) the behavior they have
observed. .
3:- What is social learning?
Social learning
refers to the acquisition of social competence that happens exclusively or
primarily in a social group.
4:- Definitions:
§
“People learn through observing others’ behavior,
attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. “Most human behavior is learned
observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of
how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information
serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura).
§
“Social learning theory explains human behavior
in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral,
and environmental influences.”
§
“ Social
learning theory is a perspective that states that social behavior (any type of
behavior that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and
imitating the actions of others. The social behavior is also influenced by
being rewarded and/or punished for these actions”
5:-Basic Social Learning Concepts:
There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory.
1. People can learn through observation. Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:
There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory.
1. People can learn through observation. Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:
1.
A live
model: This involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out
a behavior.
2.
A verbal instructional
model: This involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
3.
A symbolic
model: This involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors
in books, films, television programs, or online media.
2. Mental states
are important to learning.
He described intrinsic reinforcement as a form
of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment.
This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning
theories to cognitive developmental theories.
3. Learning does
not necessarily lead to a change in behavior.
While behaviorists believed that learning led
to a permanent change in behavior, observational learning demonstrates that
people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors.
6:- The Modeling Process:
Not all observed behaviors are effectively
learned. Factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in
whether social learning is successful. Certain requirements and steps must also
be followed. The following steps are involved in the observational learning and
modeling process:
§ Attention:
In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning.
In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning.
§ Retention:
The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
§ Reproduction:
Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.
Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.
§ Motivation:
Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day.
Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day.
7:- Two
dimensions of Social Learning Theory:
§ Vicarious Learning: - others get rewarded or punished in view of the
learner.
§ Pure Modeling: - no one gets rewarded or punished.
8:- General
principles of social learning theory:
§ People can learn by observing the behavior is of
others.
§ Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
Behaviorists say that learning
has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior; in contrast social
learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not
necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a
behavior change
§ Cognition plays a role in learning. Awareness and
expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effect on
the behaviors that people exhibit.
§ Social learning theory can be
considered a bridge or a transition
between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories.
9:- Terms of social learning theory:
According
to Bandura, behavior can also influence both the environment and the person.
Each of the three variables: environment, person, behavior influence each
other. (p, be, e)
Self efficacy: Self
efficacy means learners self confidence towards learning. People are more
likely to engage in certain behaviors when they believe they are capable of
implementing those behaviors successfully, this means that they have high
self-efficacy.
Self regulation: Self-regulation is when the individual has his own ideas about what
is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses actions accordingly.
10:- Examples of Social
learning theory:
Ø Advertisements/TV
commercials are the most common examples of Social Learning Theory. We observe
(watch)them, and then copy them. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain
beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the
admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes
involved (such as attention or motivation), we may model the behavior shown in
the commercial and buy the product being advertised. (Kearsley, 2007)
Ø Language
learning is another common example of Social Learning Theory. Where a student
tries to imitate his/her teacher while
the teacher demonstrates. To display imitation a teacher says a word. Student’s
response. The teacher praises the effort (reinforcement).
11:- Advantages and disadvantages of social learning theory:
Advantages:-
§ It’s an experiment.
§ It's suitable when trying to measure Childs
behaviour.
Disadvantages-
§ Children/people tend to act differently
when they're being watched.
§ The
observer can be bias.
§ It's not really scientific.
§ The
observer can miss things.
12:- Critique of Social Learning
Theories:
§ No big picture of the person.
§ It is difficult to predict what all
individuals will perceive as positive.
§ Too much focus on situations.
§ Ignore biological factors.
13:- Final Thoughts
In addition to influencing other
psychologists, Bandura's social learning theory has had important implication
in the field of education. Today, both teachers and parents recognize the
importance of modeling appropriate behaviors. Other classroom strategies such
as encouraging children and building self-efficacy are also rooted in social learning theory.
14:- How to Incorporate Social Learning Theory into Classroom Activities:
Social learning theory requires
consistent class management and positive reinforcement. Social
learning theory into your classroom you can develop an encouraging classroom
environment, which in turn inspires students to engage your lesson and enjoy
the learning experience. Social learning theory suggests that students learn
through observation, developing traits and habits based on the environment in
which they are in. This includes seeing other students participating in class
and choosing to participate as well. The negative side of social learning
theory also suggests that some actions you take as a teacher can deter your
students from participating and restrict their engagement in your lesson.
15:- Classroom Instructions:
1:-Plan
a series of rewards for specific actions in class. Include candy rewards for
younger students, bonus points on future exams or quizzes and a few class
parties during the semester. Select rewards appropriate to the grade level and
class maturity, as bonus test points are worth more to older students and
treats to younger ones.
2:-Design
specific ways for students to earn these rewards; this can include
participating in class regularly or a high group average on a test. Include
numerous opportunities to receive a reward, such as weekly awards, monthly
awards and smaller daily rewards. Also be sure to design individual as well as
group rewards, so that students are encouraged to participate and thrive
individually as well as collectively.
3:-Create
an encouraging atmosphere in class by staying positive and reacting positively
to student questions and comments. Regularly praise students for insightful
comments and compliment questions, which show a high degree of individual
understanding about a topic.
4:-Develop
a positive technique for reacting to student failures or misunderstandings,
such as a positive way to explain to a student that her answer was wrong
without sounding discouraging. Explain the positive points of these works while
suggesting a different perspective she can use to reach the correct answer.
5:-Demonstrate
new concepts clearly, and praise students when you see them demonstrating the
right method to address a question in class. Give your students a positive
example of how to address an issue and work towards a solution.
6:-Provide
a strong moral example for your students, encouraging them to incorporate those
morals into their lives. Demonstrate these morals in your speech as well as
your actions in class. For instance, if you have to leave during an exam, tell
your students the positive statement, “I have to step out, but I trust you to
continue your exam quietly,” rather than the negative command, “I’ll be gone
for a moment, so you are not to cheat or talk to each other while I am gone.
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