The initial task before a
researcher would be just to enlist the basic concepts , their meanings ,scope ,
implications. In the field of education, he has to search for the theory and
principles of his discipline. Research scholars in educational field should aim
at upholding and re-interpreting the lofty traditions of the system.
The educational system
encounters various problems. However , the most convenient way to classify the
problems on the basis of various dimensions of education like curriculum ,
syllabi , Aims and objectives , organization , administration ,equipment,
methods of teaching , guidance , testing examination , evaluation etc.
education is interdisciplinary subject. Its foundations are laid by subjects
like Philosophy, Sociology , Psychology , Physics ,Chemistry , Mathematics ,
etc. The vast area of education can be sub-divided into various specific ,
independent and demarcated sub – areas for the benefits of the researcher.
Hence , the need of educational research
can be discussed under various sub-headings.
1 Research
need in the philosophy of education
Education has been called the
dynamic side of philosophy or an active aspects of philosophical belief. Its
theory and practice can never attain perfection unless it based on the sound
footing of a systematic philosophy. In the field of Philosophy of Education ,
there is need for working on problems such as :
·
To formulate the educational aims
pertaining to the societal needs.
·
To chart out the various possible
meaning of a concept.
·
To define the sense in which it is
use in different theories within a single branch of inquiry and also among the
different branches of inquiry.
·
To study the implications of their
sense in various educational theories.
·
To examine educational
generalizations, assumptions and theories borrowed from the behavioral science.
·
To undertake an examination of the
various value-approaches and thus formulate an adequate value-basis for the
scheme of education.
·
To accommodate in the curricula the
new and incoming knowledge , especially when one can not discard the past one.
The solution of the problem requires a proper perspective and sense of
proportion which is a scientific study alone can yield.
2
Research need in the sociology of education
Sociological
factors have a great impact on educational thought and practice. The study of
all such factors is of great practical significance. Some important problems of
research related to sociology of education are the study of population
explosion and changes, demographic trends and the impact of political and
social pressures on an educational system. The research needed in the sociology
of education include the following:
·
To formulate the educational aims
and policies regarding the size of the educational stages, state-wise or
district-wise educational planning , optimum size of a school or a class, the
media of instruction, etc.
·
To study the agent of social changes
in the teacher’s role, areas of socio-cultural lag in school education ,
factors, curbing school teacher’s freedom, teacher’s morale , obstacles in the
inculcation of democratic, and international spirit in students , patterns of
leadership training in school, vocationalization of school education ,
sociology of class teaching, the of radio and TV on students, etc.
·
Some other areas would be: attitude
, hobbies of the students and teachers ,
co curricular activities , wastage and stagnation at the school stage.
3 Research need in educational psychology
Educational psychology deals with the
psychology of the teaching-learning process. The immediate need in this area is
to increase efficiency in teaching and learning rather than to delineate the
features of the learner which facilitates or retard learning. Research has to
help the teachers to improve their effectiveness in the classroom.
·
To increase efficiency in teaching
and learning rather than to delineate the features of learner which facilitate
or retard learning?
·
To study why there is such poor
efforts and such low output.
·
To study the social forces that
impinges on the students.
·
To find out how many years a student
takes to complete the primary and the secondary school course.
·
To study the special subjects
particularly in reading, handwriting, spelling and the like.
·
To judge the effectiveness of
teaching tool for improving educational attainment.
·
To study creative thinking so that
it is helpful to teacher and students to play their part adequately and
effectively in social and economic progress.
·
To find out the best means to help
the student to do self-evaluation.
·
To study the education, development
and adjustment of exceptional children.
4 Research
need in the history of education
The
need for historical research in education can be viewed from two angles. One,
the limitations of the work already done in the field of history of education
and its requirements. Two, some important current socio-
economic-cum-educational problems and objectives which is need immediate
attention.
·
To study the evolution of rigid
caste structure and its role in educational development.
·
To throw light on educational policy
of different kings in different parts of ancient and towards different
communities.
·
To study the educational history of
post-independence period, which presents the failures and success on the
educational front.
·
To study the present day educational
problems historically rather than studying the past periods in isolation.
·
To understand the relationship
between the growth of education as agriculture.
5. Research need in comparative education
Political , cultural ,
socio-economic and geographical conditions have an impact on the educational
systems of different countries. Comparative study of educational system of
various countries is a fruitful area of research. Comparative education deals
with the comparison of different models of education across the world. The
research needs in this area are:
·
To make a horizontal and vertical
study of democratic decentralization in various countries of the world.
·
To study the administrative pattern
of departments of education in various countries and various states.
·
To study the role of voluntary
agencies in providing education in various countries and states.
·
Examination reforms and certain
other progressive measures have been introduced all over the world. It is time when
a comparative of their success is also made.
·
A comparative study of the problems
and procedures of textbook production, the extrinsic and intrinsic qualities of
the textbooks produced at various places.
·
To study the inter-state or even
inter-district educational phenomenon in relation to an organization, finance,
curriculum, availability of teachers, school buildings, etc.
·
To study the system of education as
result of geographical, cultural and other factors.
·
To prepare case studies of some
institutions in similar cultural and environmental settings.
6 Research
need in curriculum
The
research in curriculum requires focus on the following issues:
·
What are the changing needs in the
orientation of the curriculum?
·
How it can be diversified to meet
the individual differences of pupils in view of their stages of development and
range of interests and aptitudes?
·
How can it be related to the needs
of the developing nation and the manpower requirements of the country?
·
How can it remain flexible and
dynamic in content?
·
What are the principles of making
the curriculum balanced in theory and practice or in compulsory and elective
courses?
7 Research
need in the financing of education
·
Detailed surveys of growth of
educational expenditure during the post-independence period in the states;
proportion of public expenditure on education and comparison with proportion
spent on other services, comparative study of teachers, the contribution of the
local bodies and local communities, role of private agencies, school deficits,
state procedures of financing education, pattern expenditure in urban and ruler
areas, capital costs, etc.
·
To find out unit costs of buildings,
furniture, equipment, health services,
direction and inspection, mid-day meals, etc.
·
To study the trends of financing
education in five year plans and their effects on educational development.
·
There is need for survey of
student’s aid and concessions like scholarship, fee concessions, free books,
loans, travel subsidies, etc.
·
To assess the out-of-school
expenditure in rural and urban schools and institutions for boys and girls at
various stages of education.
8 Research need in the economics of
educational field
Economics of education is a rewarding area
of educational research. The major objective of research endeavor in this area
is to apply effectively the relevant economic analysis to the field of
education with a view to raise the efficiency of the educational system at
different levels and to identify the role of education an social and economic
development of the country. The research needs in economics of education are:
·
To raise the efficiency of the
educational system at various levels.
·
To identify the indirect role of
education in social and economic development of the country and future roles
with varying rate of growth.
·
To prepare a short-run and long-run
prospective plan for educational development in the country, integrating
educational plan with the general economic planning.
·
To apply financial prudence of the
economist in matters of raising revenues and incurring expenditures for
educational development.
10 Research need in educational measurement
and evaluation
Educational measurement is primarily
concerned with the quantification of certain educational outcomes in the form
of acquisition of certain attitudes, behavior and skills. We need valid and
reliable tools for measuring such educational outcomes. These include
psychological test, observational techniques, rating scales and other
non-testing devices. Other needs include the following:
·
To construct and standardize
achievement tests for various subjects at different levels.
·
To study problem relating to marks,
pupil placement, diagnosis, remedial programs, etc.
·
To train teachers to make and use of
tests.
·
To make more reliable norms.
·
Tests for better prediction or
success.
·
Tool for assessing various
personality factors.
·
Comparative studies of objective
type and objective based test.
·
Comparative study of open book type
and supervised type examinations.
·
Comparative study of periodic tests,
class room test, terminal test.
11 Research
need in test development
·
Objective selection tests for
college administration are likely to be in demand as educational opportunities
are progressively made equal for all.
·
Individual scale of intelligence-
child and adult.
·
Group test of intelligence and
aptitude.
·
Selection tests for admissions to
professional courses.
·
Personnel selection course.
12 Research need in educational and vocational
field
·
To study the factors which lead to
success in various professions, jobs in industry, business, government service
and so on.
·
Greater validity of internal records
of periodic examination over the annual examination for guidance purposes.
·
Cross-validation of various tests.
·
Survey of guidance services in
educational institutions.
·
Determining guidance-mindedness of
different functionaries in education.
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