The
expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom of Yale School
of Management in 1964. Vroom stresses and focuses on outcomes, and not on needs
unlike Maslow and Herzberg. The theory states that the intensity of a tendency
to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an
expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on
the appeal of the outcome to the individual.
This theory is meant to
bring together many of the elements of previous theories. It combines the
perceptual aspects of equity theory with the behavioral aspects of the other
theories. Basically, it comes down to this "equation":
M = E*I*V
Or
Motivation = Expectancy
* Instrumentality * Valence
M (motivation)= is the amount a person will be motivated by the
situation they find themselves in. It is a function of the following.
E (expectancy) = The person's perception that effort will
result in performance. In other words, the person's assessment of the degree to
which effort actually correlates with performance.
I (instrumentality) = The person's perception that performance will be
rewarded/punished. i.e., the person's assessment of how well the amount of reward
correlates with the quality of performance. (Note here that the model is
phrased in terms of extrinsic motivation, in that it asks 'what are the chances
I'm going to get rewarded if I do good job?'. But for intrinsic situations, we
can think of this as asking 'how good will I feel if I can pull this off?').
V (valence) = The perceived strength of the reward or
punishment that will result from the performance. If the reward is small, the
motivation will be small, even if expectancy and instrumentality are both
perfect (high).
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