1.
People
People
are the main component of any organization that has to be managed. Every
individual has a personal goal to be achieved. Organizations must identify the
need spectrum of individuals and take suitable steps for its fulfillment to
enable them to perform effectively so that they complete their allotted task in
time. Relationship between the workers, with subordinates and superiors should
be established based on full understanding and complete faith based on mutual
trust so that it is easy to communicate and understand each other’s views. Work
teams and Groups play a vital role in the organization. Individual may have to
keep his personal interest aside if it conflicts with team or group goals. It
is the team goals, accomplishment of which contribute towards achieving
organizational goals. Apart from managing internal workforce, it is also
important to manage customers who are the end persons using organization’s products
or services. Utmost interest of stakeholders, government, employees, social
groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must be kept in mind as they
play a dominant role in the society. Apart from the above, adequate
consideration should also be given to competitors, regulatory agencies, labour
force, suppliers and resource persons.
2.
Structure
There
are two types of organizations, formal and informal. Informal organizations do
not have a specified structure. Formal organizations are build based upon the
objective set for it. Organizational structure in such organization is
hierarchical in nature, with people at each level having their own objectives,
which contributes towards fulfillment of over allorganizational objectives. In
such organisastion people at lower levels report to higher level managers. The
tier system has the principle of unity of command inbuilt in it. The
organization structure may depend upon the size, number of products/services
produced, skill and experience of the employees, managerial staff and
geographical location of the organization. An organization may have several
levels and pyramid like organizational structure or flat structure. The
efficiency of the organization will depend upon the free flow of the
information, efficient communication system prevailing in the organization,
well-defined authority and responsibility supported by detailed policies, rules
and regulations. The organization must have well laid out systems, which are
understood by workers, supervisors and managers. The leader must keep open mind
while dealing with subordinates and exercise full control over various systems,
levels and ensure planned productivity and achieve high level of job
satisfaction.
3.
Technology
Managing
technology is an important job of any management. It is an important element of
any unit. Selection of technology, procurement, installation, operation and
maintenance is important and no compromise should be made in procuring latest
or advanced technology. Various systems and sub- systems should support
technology that exists in an organization. Based on the technology, an
organization should formulate job structure and resultant procurement of human
resource so that they are complimentary to each other. Adequate attention is
also be paid to service industry. For example an appropriate drill, procedures
are installed in hospital industry to ensure that the patients’ record is
maintained properly. On line operations of all systems relating to admission
record, past treatment, drugs, availability of beds, schedule of operations
maintained so that the level of patients satisfaction is raised. In minimum
number of days, maximum numbers of patients should be treated. Various
processes required to regulate these functions form the important part of
service industry.
4.
Jobs
Job
is an assignment assigned to an individual. It encompasses various tasks within
it. For example, Personnel manager wants to fill up twelve vacancies in
production department within three months. Job will have various tasks inbuilt
in it like designing of job specification, selection of media, advertising
vacancies, scheduling of selection and recruiting process. Manager, therefore
have to manage various tasks to accomplish a particular job. This may form a
part of managerial functions. Adequate delegation, supervision, application of
various control techniques makes the job simpler for the manager. Introduction
of computers have made managerial functions simpler, as required information is
available for decision making.
5.
Processes
Management
of processes and its inter-dependence is very crucial to high productivity and
higher job satisfaction. What is important for a manager is to ensure high
morale of the work force. To ensure this, he must identify various managerial
dictums. Select appropriate subordinates to carry out a job based on aptitude,
personality traits, mental build up and attitude. He should also involve
himself and lead subordinates by personal example. In defence services, it is
the quality of leadership, that motivates troops to achieve near impossible
task where every thing appears to be going wrong. Various role models assist
leaders in identifying as to which process, method or approach would be
suitable to mould subordinates in suitable frame that may be required by any
organization. Nothing motivates workers better if you give them their
entitlements in full and train them to take up higher jobs. By doing so,
manager must develop and build an organizational culture that will bind
employees to a common cultural bond. During day-to-day functions, managers must
be transparent and maintain a high degree of value system and display ethical
behaviour. There are no short cuts to this and will pay rich dividends in times
to come.
6.
External Environment
What
we have so far discussed is various components of an organization that should
be managed properly. External environment also plays an important role in
managing the points discussed above. When we talk about managing people in the
organization, what we have to study and manage is the influence of culture and
its impact on the individual. A manager should examine as to how he is going to
cope up with the changes. Study of external environment is very wide and
encompasses economic, cultural, social, government rules and regulations, legal
aspects, political climate, demographics and its impact. If one scans the
external environment that is prevailing in Indian context, one will find that
individuals are racing to catch up the upper class as it relates to
standards of living, material possession, higher education, attempt to copy
western culture, food habits, dressing pattern and the like. Beauty parlors,
pubs and cyber cafes around each corner are an ample evidence of the impact of
external environment. This trend has an impact on what products or services are
on priority in the society and indicates the behaviour of an individual. If the
above factors are evaluated appropriately, a manager will be able to examine
and predict human behaviour in the organization. It is therefore important to
evaluate market situation, competitors, and availability of raw material,
technology, availability of skilled, semi skilled and non-skilled personnel. In
addition, evaluate prevailing culture and how individuals are likely to respond
to the call of the organization. Some factors like government rules, and
political stability keep changing, the organizations must cater for such
contingencies. Manager must therefore keep in mind the internal and external
factors and make the best amalgam and work to achieve organizational
effectiveness.
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