1. Statistics are
aggregate of facts:
Statistics are aggregate of
facts. A single figure cannot called statistics. Because can be drawn about
such figures e.g. if we say that income of a person is RS 500, this figure is
meaningless, because we cannot draw any conclusion about this figure i.e.
whether the income of a person has increased or decrease. Thus the science of
statistics is the science of aggregate and not of individuals.
2. Statistics are
affected by multiplicity of causes:
Statistics (i.e. figure) obtained about a particular phenomena are due to a
number of causes e.g. production of wheat depends on seeds, fertilizer,
irrigation, rainfall etc. it is not possible to study the influence of these
factors separately, because these factors jointly determine the yield.
3. Statistics are
placed in relation to each other:
Statistics are collected mainly for the purpose of comparison. Data
collected must be comparable and homogenous e.g. if we compare the heights of
persons with their income, it is not statistics, on the other hand if we
compare the ages of husbands with the ages of their wives. Then it is called
statistics.
4. Statistics are
numerically expressed:
Statistics are numerical
statement of facts. Qualitative expression such as honestly, good, bad etc. do
not form statistics e.g. consider the following statement “QUAID-E- AZAM was a
great leader”. This is not a statistics statement.
If on the other hand, we
say that per capita income in Pakistan in 1960 was RS 840 and RS 1400 in 1990.
This is of course a statistics statement as per capita incomes is expressed
numerically and is comparable.
5. Statistics are
collected in a systematic manner:
When statistics are collected
in a systematic manner, then they may give accurate result. If they are
collected in a haphazard manner, then the very purpose of collecting statistics
will be damaged such statistics always leads to misleading conclusions. Thus
there must be trained investigators and proper organizations for the collection
of statistics
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