I have tried to show that the various theorists see different
circumstances, situations, worry, tension, and while central to creating
emotional responses. There is disagreement whether the emotion felt itself
depends on meaningful participation sympathetic nervous system. Given this
diversity, there are overarching themes that all theories address the needs or
address? I turn on a number of topics of interest to students of emotion and
transversely been through disciplinary lines ranging from the relationship
between cognition to emotion in the sense of feeling by the social context.
1.
cognition and emotion
It was a
few decades ago that the concept of cognition is again the study of emotion.
The central question of the cognitive approach is: "What is it that the
organism needs to learn to react and feel emotionally behaviorist During the
conquest of America (ca. 1920 -1950), it is convenient to just? To look the
behavior as such (eg gutted 5 anger) and to look around the causes of emotions
(blocked action / object r anger / frustration). context, a continued sticking
to an orthodox James saw was overlooked acceptable acceptable (ie, that was a
feeling [the perception of] physical reactions). However, even James realized
the next paper (1894) in which an object to go fix the behavior and day this
essentially all the theories and positions that interact with people
emotionally cognitive in the sense of a situational analysis and social
environments that demand the necessary "emotional" state. the only
exception is the position of Zajonc ( 1980, 1984), a set of "sensory"
events called preferenda, directly on the preferences of the stage for acting
and feeling their effects before and independent postulates of cognitive
learning. There is no direct evidence for such events and their negative evidence
(eg Mandler & Shebo, 1983), which shows that position in limbo until
further evidence is produced.
2. Neurophysiology
A large
part of the work on the neurophysiology of emotion has been done with non-human
animals. It was perhaps inevitable, the emphasis has created a serious
methodological problems distinguishing between emotional behavior and emotional
experience. Researchers working with non-human aims importance of animal
behavior, while most researchers of human emotions to deal with the (reported)
experience emotions. Aggressive behavior is the same as anger, as some
researchers have, and, for example, defensive anger more or less than the
experience of anger or just provoking a certain behavior classes? After all,
people are angry without being aggressive, other animals can be aggressive
without being "bad"? Also, it is very convincing to argue that the
effectiveness of drugs for humans, "developed by the study of anxiety
behavior in animals ... testifies to take care of stress mechanisms across species"
(LeDoux, 1992, p. 24). If, for example, to regulate the medication in the first
place or to modulate the autonomic nervous system products and their
precursors, it seems too early to talk about preserving the "mechanism
fear."
One of
the important dividing line between functional and psychological approaches
physio / bio-based resources related to the role of the sympathetic nervous
system arousal. We saw that many psychological approaches, ranging from
psychological arousal and cognition model constructivist ones, assign a causal
role or quasicausal to see such excitement, most Neuroscientific approaches
such excitement as a result rather than a specific cause of emotional arousal.
So Panksepp (1991) supports the idea that visceral changes are support systems "that
facilitate behavioral end feeling," said a reified anger energizes
behavior as a result of the "included" increase in heart rate (page
64). Such strong statements draw the line very clear, and probably useful to
try to identify the different models. Panksepp both in the context of trying to
bring psychological and physiological approaches proponents together by a
common language "basic emotions," using the existing natural language
expressions of folk psychology.
3. Views
Social Construction
The idea
that emotions are socially constructed states advocated by both psychologists
and anthropologists. The chief advocate of psychologists James Averill (see
Averill, 1980, 1990). Averill considers both emotional behavioral syndromes
(ie, systematic behavior repertoires), but also social roles established by
individuals. Essential to the development and adoption of the duty to assess
the situation and the experience of the state as a passion (ie, as passive or
active state). Intensity of emotional experience is regarded as a function of
emotional rollers of people worried. And that biological factors obviously
contribute to the emotional syndromes, social constructivists reject any notion
of the basic or primary emotions. In general, social constructivists are more
sensitive to the variety of possible human emotional experience than the usual
procedure of seeking emotions.
Anthropologists
like Catherine Lutz contributed to the constructivist position (eg, Lutz,
1988;. & AbuLughod also see Lutz, 1990). From the viewpoint of looking at
different cultures and different experiences of feeling within the culture, the
constructivist position attempts to account for the diversity of human
experience, and in particular emotions, on the basis of a psycho-social reality
that has built up a position in individual perception and his knowledge of
emotional and cultural systems and structures of culture. In this context,
rime, and Cisamolo Philippot (1990) have shown that the pattern of
physiological responses to emotions reported at least to any significant degree
dependent on social expectations and construction.
4.
Do Facial Expressions Express Emotion?
Besides
the relative observations of everyday experience, linking emotions and facial
expression has its origin in Darwin (1872) book. Unfortunately, the impression
of linking Darwin and facial expressions that Darwin believed that this face is
shown as having left a number of specific adaptive survival value. In fact, the
main thrust of the arguments of Darwin is that most of these shows are rudimentary
or accidental, or at best, what is called in modern language pre-adaptive. In
fact, Darwin particularly against the idea that "some muscles have gotten
only person he could reveal to other people his feelings" Fridlund
(1992b), Darwin (1872) motives and message explored, noting that anti adaptations
saw his face shows prevent Darwin from viewing these shows as the main
communicative.
5. The Question of Basic Emotions
The
feeling that is found in most of the list of basic emotions are fear / anxiety,
happiness / joy and anger. Again, the list is heavily weighted towards the
negative emotions. Two 'feelings' and sometimes with his interest and surprise
as distinct and separate emotions. Calling a surprise emotion depends on the
interpretation of a man sharing feelings. And because there are many different
"emotions such as fear and happiness, can bring a degree of surprise, how
does one cope with admiration as a separate emotion. On the other hand, was a
great surprise examples of differential response (see below). Insisting that the
interest rate is an emotion is a more extreme position. There seems to be
little basis in experience or theory to the expression of interest is
indicative to consider for an emotional state, to arouse interest emotionally
moving such a position far from universal. on the other hand, it is equally
puzzling that the feeling of "love" (much less "desire") is
never found among the basic emotions. is it because there is no clear
expression "expression" can be found for love? for the time being, we
need to consider various alternative points and, in particular, the results
different views on face showing contact waiting for issues of basic emotions.
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any suggestion on my side