There
are different ways of socialization; The main ones are: primary or childhood
socialization, secondary socialization and maturity, de-socialization and
re-socialization. Other minor forms of socialization are: anticipatory
socialization and reverse socialization (Calhoun et al, 1994; Henslin and
Nelson, 1995; Soroka, 1996 Macionis, 1997)
1.
Top of Childhood Socialization
It
is also called basic or early socialization. The terms "primary",
"basic" or "early" all mean great importance to childhood
socialization. Many of the personality makeup of individual forged during this
period of life. Socialization at this stage of life is a milestone; without it,
we would cease to be social creatures. The son of man is a biological creature
or organism is transformed into a social being, especially in the early stages.
Therefore, children must be socialized properly from birth to five years in
particular, because they are basic and essential. A child who does not receive
adequate socialization during this period will probably be a shortage in his /
her social, moral, intellectual and personality development. Some grew
development of anti-social attitudes, aspirations and skills.
2.
Secondary or Adult Socialization
While
socialization is a problem on offer for children and young people, it is a
never ending process that continues in the future life. Secondary or adult
socialization is required when an individual take on new roles, reorient
themselves according to their social status and roles change, as in the
beginning of married life. The socialization process at this stage can
sometimes be severe. For instance, fresh graduates entering the world of work
start their first job, there are many new features to be controlled. Intense
adult socialization can happen to immigrants. When they go to other countries,
you may need them the language, values, customs, and many other custom and
folkways may prove really know the serious and difficult experience with
economic difficulties. While it may be fairly stated that childhood
socialization experience what kind of people we are, the challenge remains of
socialization in late adolescence and adult stages. This is done so
particularly in the context of the rapidly changing world of complex societies.
3.
The rehabilitation and socialization
In the
lives of individuals, and to pass through various stages and experiences, it is
necessary reorganization and de-socialisation. Rehabilitation means the approval
of adults with a radically different customs and life ways which are more or
less completely different from the previous values. Reconstruction, the rapid
and fundamental changes in adult life. The change can provide a Life way ask for
a new one that is completely different from, and incompatible with the former.
This happens too often asks adult life in modern society sharp transitions and
changes. De-socialization
usually precedes reconstruction. De-socialization refers to stripping
individuals of their former lifestyle, beliefs, values and attitudes so that
they can perform other partially or completely new lifestyles, attitudes and
values. Individuals have to leave their old values and taking on a new part
of the new social groups. De-socialization
and re-socialization often takes place in what is called total institutions,
comprehensive and often isolated from the community. They demand a thorough
de-socialization of newcomers before they come after the full membership. Total
institutions include: psychiatric hospitals, prisons, churches and other
groups, and military units. In any case, the joining of the new institutions
must first be de-socialized before they can be socialized again.
Reorganization
may also mean socializing people back to their old values, according to their
former way of life again, spending a relatively long time in the overall
institution. This is because they might forget the most basic values and
practices of the first group or society. This form of rehabilitation can be
regarded as reintegration, renew the help of former members of the community
their memories of their past lifeways, skills, knowledge, etc.
4.
anticipatory socialization
Anticipatory
socialization refers to the process of adjustment and adaptation in which
individuals try to learn and internalize the roles, values, attitudes and
practices of social status or profession for which they are likely to be
employed in the future. They do this in anticipation of the upcoming real
socialization. It is a kind of rehearsal and preparation first have a sense of
what it will look like new roles. However, anticipatory socialization is not
appropriate when the nature and extent of life transition is complex. It can be
extremely difficult to predict what will happen.
5. Reverse Socialization
Reverse
socialization refers to the process of socialization, the dominant socializing
people, such as parents, need to pass themselves to be socialized with people
who like to socialize children. This idea seems to be associated with the fact
that socialization is a two way street. It is the influence and pressure of
socializees to induce directly or indirectly change the attitudes and behavior
itself socializers. Reverse socialization, children, for example, can be made
to socialize with their parents in a number of roles, skills and attitudes that
are lacking in the latter.
7.
Agents and Components Socialization
Agents
of socialization are different groups of people and institutional structures
that are responsible for training new members of society. Some of them can be
formal, while others are informal. They will help individual members in all
activities of their society.
There
are three components socialization process. May socialize either a newborn
child can be a new recruit in the army or police or a freshman at a college or
a trainee medical service. On the other hand, there are socializers parents,
peer group, community members, teachers or members of the church can be. Both
socialize Socializer together and not in a vacuum but in a social environment
plays a major role in the process of socialization. The foregoing some social
environments socialization institutions. The most socializing agent is the
family, peer relationships, school, neighbourhood (church), the mass media, etc. The
institution of the family is generally considered the most important agents of
socialization. In the process of socialization, the main contact between a
child and his / her parents and siblings. The contacts are also between the
child and guardian when the real parents are not available. Besides the
parents, there are other agents of socialization (in modern society), such as day
care centers, nursery and kindergarten as well as primary and secondary schools
and universities. It seems to have taken the various agents of socialization
partial functions of parents, especially in modern society, where women are
leaving their traditional responsibilities from home by lure of work outside
the home. The school is part of a conscious effort and a society to socialize
children. Unlike
parents and schools, peer groups play a very important role in the process of
socialization. Sometimes peer pressure, whether positive or negative, can be as
strong as the parent. The peer group can send existing social values and the
development of new and different culture of its own with special values.
The
mass media such as television, radio, films, videos, tapes, books, magazines
and newspapers are also important means of socialization. The most important
influence on children coming from the television, as studies show. The effects
are both positive and negative. Negative effect appears to be greater for
parents and other interested bodies to worry about how the television socializing
children. For example, studies show that watching violence on television can
encourage aggressive behavior in children.
8. Multiple and Conflicting Influence of Socialization
Until now, the idea of socialization is presented appears biased towards structural functionalist view of society and socialization. Therefore, it would be useful to some ideas that can help add the balance of the image. A critical conceptualization of socialization, the contradictory and ambiguous origins and influences of socialization should be highlighted.
If we consider is a good example for students in the health sciences, it is in this context is important. An example might be alcohol and tobacco. Evidence shows that the consumption of tobacco and alcohol is rapidly increasing in the developing world. There are underlying and contradictory processes of socialization behind this phenomenon. The conflicting influences arise when on the one hand, families, schools and medical institutions warn young people not to consume these products; and on the other hand, global companies such products fully enter the battle in getting products to young people, through the attraction of television advertising.This example shows that the often conflicting, competing messages come from various sources of socialization. The various agents of socialization is not given the balance of power, control and dominance. International companies, vigorously promote the culture of consumerism depth using powerful global media tend to play a dominant role in influencing the attitudes and lifestyles of young people (Personal communication. Teketel Dr. Abebe, Addis Ababa University , Department of sociology and Anthropology)
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