Two modes of socialization, adapted from Broom and Selznick (1973)

Repressive Socialization	Participatory Socialization
Punishing wrong behavior	Rewarding good behavior
Material rewards and punishment	Symbolic rewards and punishment
Obedience of child	Autonomy of child
Non-verbal communication	Verbal communication
Communication as command	Communication as interaction
Parent-centered socialization	Child-centered socialization
Child's discernment of parents' wishes	Parents' discernment of child's needs
Family as significant other	Family as generalized other