INFO4MYSTREY , Best Mark Mystery

The following factors are considered in developing the curriculum: u The Teaching-Learning Process u Environment School Community u Societal Needs 1.      THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS Ø The heart of education Ø The organization of the teacher, the learner, and the curriculum along with the other variables in a systematic way to attain pre-determine goals. THE ELEMENTS OF TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS: Ø  The Teacher Ø The Learner Ø  The Learning Situation 1.1       THE TEACHER Ø             The one who “helps” the learners learn economically, efficiently and/or effectively. Ø *The success of a learning situation  depends on the  large extent on the skilful intervention (action taken to improve] of a professional person, the teacher. Ø In the teaching process, the teacher becomes a decision maker (Bilbao, 2008), following a series...

Curriculum is any document or plan that exists in an educational institute or education system that defines the work of teachers, at least to the extent of identifying the content to be taught student and the methods to be used in the process. The purpose of curriculum is to achieve broad goals and related specific objectives that have been developed within a framework of theory and research, past and present professional practice, and the changing needs of society. Definition of curriculum Kerr defines curriculum as, 'All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school. (quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly 1999). History of curriculum: The idea of curriculum is hardly new - but the way we understand and theorize it has altered over the years - and there remains considerable dispute as to meaning. It has its origins in the running. It was, literally, a course. Islamic conc...

Several factors affect all curriculum development in meeting the needs of 21st century learners in both organized academic settings and corporation learning centers. Factors affecting curriculum development include government rules, which in turn brings other factors into the process. Valid curriculum development requires awareness of the diversity of the target community socially, financially and psychologically.      1.       Political factor Politics affect curriculum development in numerous ways. How politics influences curriculum design and development starts with funding. Both private and public educational institutions rely on funding for hiring personnel, building and maintaining facilities and equipment. All aspects of curriculum depend on local, state and national political standards. Example Politics affects curriculum development from defining goals, interpreting curricular materials to approving examinat...

There are many forms of curriculum. 1.       Overt, explicit, or written curriculum: This type of curriculum is what appears in documents and teachers' plans. Is simply it may refer to a curriculum document, texts, films, and supportive teaching materials that are overall chosen to support the “intentional instructional agenda” of a school. 2.       Implicit (or Hidden) Longstreet and Shane (1993) offer a commonly accepted definition for this term.          “The hidden curriculum, which refers to the kinds of learning’s children derive from the very nature and organizational design of the public school, as well as from the behaviours’ and attitudes of teachers and administrators.” This type of curriculum has to do with how particular assumptions about schooling and learning manifest in practice.              ...

v The reasons for the observed behavior may not be determined since little is known about the underlying motives, beliefs, attitudes, and preferences.  v Selective perception (bias in the researcher's perception) can bias the data.  v In some cases, the use of observational methods may be unethical, as in observing people without their knowledge .

Ø They permit measurement of actual behavior rather than reports of intended or preferred behavior.  Ø There is no reporting bias , and potential bias caused by the interviewer and the interviewing process is eliminated or reduced.  Ø Certain types of data can be collected only by observation.   Ø If the observed phenomenon occurs frequently or is of short duration, observational methods may be cheaper and faster than survey methods .

Ø       Observation guides Ø   Recording sheets or checklist Ø          Schedule Ø   Field observation log Ø   Mechanical devices ·         Observation guides : These are printed forms that provide space for recording observations. They are particularly useful when several observers are involved or when you wish to obtain comparable information from several sites/ observation points or observations of many people. The more structured the guide, the easier it will be to tally the results. ·         Recording sheets or checklist : These forms are used to record observations as in YES/NO option (present – not present) or on a rating scale to indicate extent or quality of something. Checklists are used when there are specific, observable items, actions or attributes to be observed. ·         Schedule : The data...

      Observation as a method of data collection has certain characteristics. 1.      It is both a physical and a mental activity . The observation eye ‘catches’ many things which are sighted, but attention is focused on data that are relevant to the given study. 2.      Observation is selective. A researcher does not observe anything and everything, but select the range of things to be observed on the basis of the nature, scope and objectives of his study. 3.      Observation is purposive and not casual . It is made for the specific purpose of nothing things relevant to the study. 4.      It captures the natural  social context in which persons’ behaviour occurs.

Very simply, a   VARIABLE   is a measurable characteristic that varies. It may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time. There are six common variable types:    1)  INDEPENDENT VARIABLES    2)  DEPENDENT VARIABLES   3)   CONTROL VARIABLES   4)  MODERATOR VARIABLES    5)  INTERVENING VARIABLES    6)   EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE 1)       INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Independent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. Independent variable may be called factor and its variation is called levels. In the example “a study of the effect of teacher praise on the reading achievement of second-graders”, the effect of praise, the researcher is trying to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship, so the kind of praise is varied to see whether it produces different scores on...

A model for stating hypothesis for experimental studies is as under: Ss            Who get X do better on Y than Ss            Who do not get X Whereas           Ss= Subjects                         X = Independent variable                         Y = Dependent variable     Testing the Hypothesis The evidence of the work of hypothesis lies in its abilities to meet test of its validity. The purpose of  testing a hypothesis is to determine the probability that it is supported by fact. Because a hypothesis is a general expectation about the relationship between variables ...

A good hypothesis must possess the following main characteristics: i)         Hypothesis should be clear and precise.   If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable. ii)       Hypothesis should be capable of being tested .   Some prior study may be done by researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one.  A hypothesis “is testable if other deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be confirmed or disproved by observation.”  iii)     Hypothesis should state relationship between variables , if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. iv)     Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific.   A researcher must remember that narrower hypotheses are generally more testable and he should develop such hypotheses. v)       Hypothesis should be stated as f...

The term hypothesis has been defined in several ways. Some important definitions have been given in the following paragraphs: 1.   A tentative supposition or provisional guess “It is a tentative supposition or provisional guess which seems to explain the situation under observation.” – James E. Greighton 2.  A hypothesis is a tentative explaination for certain behaviors, phenomena or the events that have occurred or will occur.  -  L.R.Gay Purpose • It provides a tentative explanation of phenomena and facilitates the extension of knowledge in an area.  • It provides the investigator with a relational statement that is directly testable in a research study.  • It provides direction to the research.  • It provides a framework for reporting conclusions of the study. • It could be considered as the working instrument of theory. Hypotheses can be deduced from theory and from other hypotheses.  • It could be tested and show...